10. JULES Output variables

Variables that are available for output from JULES are listed in this section, separated according to their type.

The ‘Captured’ column indicates whether that variable is captured at the start or end of the timestep (see JULES output).

Note

All output is on the full model grid (even for variables defined on land points only).

Any points on the grid for which a variable is not defined with be filled with a missing data value.

10.1. Variables that have a single value at each gridpoint (land and sea)

Name	Description
con_rain	Gridbox convective rainfall (kg m-2 s-1).
con_snow	Gridbox convective snowfall (kg m-2 s-1).
cosz	Cosine of the zenith angle (-).
diff_frac	Gridbox fraction of radiation that is diffuse (-).
ecan_gb	Gridbox mean evaporation from canopy/surface store (kg m-2 s-1).
ei_gb	Gridbox sublimation from lying snow or sea-ice (kg m-2 s-1).
esoil_gb	Gridbox surface evapotranspiration from soil moisture store (kg m-2 s-1).
fqw_gb	Gridbox moisture flux from surface (kg m-2 s-1).
ftl_gb	Gridbox surface sensible heat flux (W m-2).
land_albedo_1	Gridbox albedo for waveband 1 (direct beam visible).
land_albedo_2	Gridbox albedo for waveband 2 (diffuse visible).
land_albedo_3	Gridbox albedo for waveband 3 (direct beam NIR).
land_albedo_4	Gridbox albedo for waveband 4 (diffuse NIR).
latent_heat	Gridbox surface latent heat flux (W m-2).
ls_rain	Gridbox large-scale rainfall (kg m-2 s-1).
ls_snow	Gridbox large-scale snowfall (kg m-2 s-1).
lw_down	Gridbox surface downward LW radiation (W m-2).
precip	Gridbox precipitation rate (kg m-2 s-1).
pstar	Gridbox surface pressure (Pa).
q1p5m_gb	Gridbox specific humidity at 1.5m height (kg kg-1).
qw1	Gridbox specific humidity (total water content) (kg kg-1).
rainfall	Gridbox rainfall rate (kg m-2 s-1).
snomlt_surf_htf	Gridbox heat flux used for surface melting of snow (W m-2).
snowfall	Gridbox snowfall rate (kg m-2 s-1).
snow_mass_gb	Gridbox snowmass (kg m-2).
surf_ht_flux_gb	Gridbox net downward heat flux at surface over land and sea-ice fraction of gridbox (W m-2).
sw_down	Gridbox surface downward SW radiation (W m-2).
t1p5m_gb	Gridbox temperature at 1.5m height (K).
taux1	Gridbox westerly component of surface wind stress (N m-2).
tauy1	Gridbox southerly component of surface wind stress (N m-2).
tl1	Gridbox ice/liquid water temperature (K).
tstar_gb	Gridbox surface temperature (K).
u1	Gridbox westerly wind component (m s-1).
u10m	Gridbox westerly wind component at 10 m height (m s-1).
v1	Gridbox southerly wind component (m s-1).
v10m	Gridbox southerly wind component at 10m height (m s-1).
wind	Gridbox wind speed (m s-1).

10.2. Variables that have a single value at each land gridpoint

Name	Description
albedo_land	Gridbox albedo (as used to calculate net shortwave radiation) (-).
canopy_gb	Gridbox canopy water content (kg m-2).
cs_gb	Gridbox total soil carbon (kg m-2).
cv	Gridbox mean vegetation carbon at end of model timestep (kg m-2).
depth_frozen	Gridbox depth of frozen ground at surface defined from soil temperature (m).
depth_frozen_sthf	Gridbox depth of frozen ground at surface defined from soil moisture (m). Recommended over depth_frozen except where the soil is very dry.
depth_unfrozen	Gridbox depth of unfrozen ground at surface defined from soil temperature (m).
depth_unfrozen_sthf	Gridbox depth of unfrozen ground at surface defined from soil moisture (m). Recommended over depth_unfrozen except where the soil is very dry.
drain	Gridbox drainage at bottom of soil column (kg m-2 s-1).
elake	Gridbox mean evaporation from lakes (kg m-2 s-1).
emis_gb	Gridbox emissivity.
et_stom_gb	Gridbox approximate stomatal conductance (W m-2).
fch4_wetl	Gridbox scaled methane flux from wetland fraction using soil carbon as substrate if l_wetland_ch4_npp=F or, NPP as substrate if l_wetland_ch4_npp=T (10-9 kg m-2 s-1).
fch4_wetl_cs	Gridbox methane flux from wetland fraction using soil carbon as substrate (kg m-2 s-1).
fch4_wetl_npp	Gridbox methane flux from wetland fraction using NPP as substrate (kg m-2 s-1).
fch4_wetl_resps	Gridbox methane flux from wetland fraction using soil respiration as substrate (kg m-2 s-1).
fsat	Gridbox surface saturated fraction (-).
fsmc_gb	Gridbox soil moisture availability factor (beta) (-).
fwetl	Gridbox wetland fraction at end of model timestep (-).
gpp_gb	Gridbox gross primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon (kg m-2 s-1).
gs	Gridbox surface conductance to evaporation (m s-1).
hf_snow_melt	Gridbox snowmelt heat flux (W m-2).
harvest_gb	Gridbox flux of carbon to product pools due to harvest (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
harvest_n_gb	Gridbox flux of nitrogen to atmosphere due to harvest (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
land_index	Index (gridbox number) of land points.
lice_index	Index (gridbox number) of land ice points.
lit_c_mean	Gridbox mean carbon litter (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
lw_net	Gridbox surface net LW radiation (W m-2).
lw_up	Gridbox surface upward LW radiation (W m-2).
npp_gb	Gridbox net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon (kg m-2 s-1).
n_fertiliser_gb	Gridbox N addition from fertiliser (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
qbase	Gridbox baseflow (lateral subsurface runoff) (kg m-2 s-1).
qbase_zw	Gridbox baseflow (lateral subsurface runoff) from deep layer (kg m-2 s-1).
rad_net	Surface net radiation (W m-2).
resp_p_gb	Gridbox plant respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_s_gb	Gridbox total soil respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_s_dr_out	Gridbox mean soil respiration carbon flux for driving TRIFFID (kg m-2 (360days)-1) This is the gross soil respiration, some of this carbon flux is from one soil carbon pool to another.
runoff	Gridbox runoff rate (kg m-2 s-1).
rflow	Gridbox river flow rate (kg m-2 s-1).
rrun	Gridbox runoff rate, following river routing (kg m-2 s-1).
sat_excess_roff	Gridbox saturation excess runoff rate (kg m-2 s-1).
smc_avail_top	Gridbox available moisture in surface layer of depth given by zsmc (kg m-2).
smc_avail_tot	Gridbox available moisture in soil column (kg m-2).
smc_tot	Gridbox total soil moisture in column (kg m-2).
snomlt_sub_htf	Gridbox sub-canopy snowmelt heat flux (W m-2).
snow_can_gb	Gridbox snow on canopy (kg m-2).
snow_depth_gb	Gridbox depth of snow (m).
snow_frac	Gridbox snow-covered fraction of land points (-).
snow_grnd_gb	Gridbox average snow beneath canopy (snow_grnd) (kg m-2).
snow_ice_gb	Gridbox frozen water in snowpack (kg m-2). Only available if nsmax > 0.
snow_liq_gb	Gridbox liquid water in snowpack (kg m-2). Only available if nsmax > 0.
snow_melt_gb	Gridbox rate of snowmelt (kg m-2 s-1).
soil_index	Index (gridbox number) of soil points.
sthzw	Soil wetness in the deep (water table) layer (-).
sub_surf_roff	Gridbox sub-surface runoff (kg m-2 s-1).
surf_roff	Gridbox surface runoff (kg m-2 s-1).
swet_liq_tot	Gridbox unfrozen soil moisture as fraction of saturation (-).
swet_tot	Gridbox soil moisture as fraction of saturation (-).
sw_net	Gribox net shortwave radiation at the surface (W m-2).
tfall	Gridbox throughfall (kg m-2 s-1).
trad	Gridbox effective radiative temperature (K).
zw	Gridbox mean depth to water table (m).
clay	Gridbox soil clay content (g/g).
isoprene_gb	Gridbox mean isoprene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
terpene_gb	Gridbox mean monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
methanol_gb	Gridbox mean methanol emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
acetone_gb	Gridbox mean monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
frac_agr	Fractional area of agricultural land in each gridbox. If l_trif_crop is TRUE, frac_agr is the fractional area of crop land in each gridbox.
frac_past	Fractional area of pasture land in each gridbox.
co2_mmr	Concentration of atmospheric CO2, expressed as a mass mixing ratio.
frac_agr_prev	Fractional area of agricultural land at the previous timestep.
wood_prod_fast	Carbon content of the fast decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2).
wood_prod_med	Carbon content of the medium decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2).
wood_prod_slow	Carbon content of the slow decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2).
WP_fast_in	Carbon flux from vegetation to the fast decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_med_in	Carbon flux from vegetation to the medium decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_slow_in	Carbon flux from vegetation to the slow decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_fast_out	Carbon flux from the fast decay-rate wood product pool to atmosphere (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_med_out	Carbon flux from the medium decay-rate wood product pool to atmosphere (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_slow_out	Carbon flux from the slow decay-rate wood product pool to atmosphere (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
irrig_water	Irrigation water demand (for l_irrig_dmd = T). (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_mcarthur	McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index (No units)
fire_canadian	Canadian Fire Weather Index (No units).
fire_canadian_ffmc	Canadian Fire Weather Index- Fine Fuel Moisture Code (No units).
fire_canadian_dmc	Canadian Fire Weather Index- Duff Moisture Code (No units).
fire_canadian_dc	Canadian Fire Weather Index- Drought Code (No units).
fire_canadian_isi	Canadian Fire Weather Index- Initial Spread Index (No units).
fire_canadian_bui	Canadian Fire Weather Index- Build-up Index (No units).
fire_nesterov	Nesterov Fire Index (No units).
cnsrv_carbon_veg2	Error in land carbon conservation in veg2 routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_carbon_triffid	Error in land carbon conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_veg_triffid	Error in vegetation carbon conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_soil_triffid	Error in soil carbon conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_prod_triffid	Error in wood product carbon conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
burnt_area_gb	Gridbox mean burnt area fraction (s-1).
emitted_carbon_gb	Gridbox mean emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
emitted_carbon_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
emitted_carbon_RPM	Resistant Plant Material emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO2_gb	Gridbox mean fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO2_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO2_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO_gb	Gridbox mean fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CH4_gb	Gridbox mean fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CH4_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CH4_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_NOx_gb	Gridbox mean fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_NOx_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_NOx_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_SO2_gb	Gridbox mean fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_SO2_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_SO2_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_OC_gb	Gridbox mean fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_OC_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_OC_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_BC_gb	Gridbox mean fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_BC_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_BC_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fao_et0	FAO Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration for reference crop (kg m-2 s-1)

10.3. Variables that have a value for each PFT at each land gridpoint

Name	Description
c_veg	PFT total carbon content of the vegetation at end of model timestep (kg m-2).
canht	PFT canopy height (m).
et_stom	PFT approximate stomatal conductance (W m-2).
flux_o3_stom	PFT flux of O3 to stomata (mol m-2 s-1).
fsmc	PFT soil moisture availability factor (-).
g_leaf	PFT leaf turnover rate ([360days]-1).
g_leaf_day	PFT mean leaf turnover rate for input to PHENOL ([360days]-1).
g_leaf_dr_out	PFT mean leaf turnover rate for driving TRIFFID ([360days]-1).
g_leaf_phen	PFT mean leaf turnover rate over phenology period([360days]-1).
gpp	PFT gross primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon (kg m-2 s-1).
lai	PFT leaf area index (-).
lai_bal	PFT balanced leaf area index in sf_stom (-).
lai_phen	PFT leaf area index after phenology (-).
lit_c	PFT carbon litter (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
lit_c_ag	PFT carbon Litter from LU/Agriculture (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
lit_c_orig	PFT carbon Litter including LU (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
lit_n_ag	PFT nitrogen loss due to LU/Agriculture (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
lit_n_orig	PFT nitrogen Litter including LU (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
root_abandon	carbon flux from roots abandoned during landuse change to soil (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
root_abandon_n	nitrogen flux from roots abandoned during landuse change to soil (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
harvest	flux of carbon to product pools due to harvest (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
harvest_n	flux of nitrogen to atmosphere due to harvest (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
npp_dr_out	PFT mean NPP of biomass expressed as carbon for driving TRIFFID (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
npp	PFT net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon (kg m-2 s-1).
n_fertiliser	N addition from fertiliser (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
n_leaf	PFT leaf nitrogen scaled by LAI in sf_stom (kg m-2).
n_root	PFT root nitrogen scaled by LAI_BAL in sf_stom (kg m-2).
n_stem	PFT stem nitrogen scaled by LAI in sf_stom; scaled by LAI_BAL if l_stem_resp_fix=T (kg m-2).
o3_exp_fac	PFT ozone exposure factor.
pc_s	PFT net C available for spreading in TRIFFID (kg m-2 (360 days)-1).
resp_p	PFT plant respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_w_dr_out	PFT mean wood respiration carbon flux for driving TRIFFID (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
resp_l	PFT leaf respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_r	PFT root respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_w	PFT wood respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
isoprene	PFT isoprene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
terpene	PFT monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
methanol	PFT methanol emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
acetone	PFT monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fapar	PFT fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (-).
burnt_area	PFT burnt area fraction (s-1).
emitted_carbon	PFT emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO2	PFT fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO	PFT fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CH4	PFT fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_NOx	PFT fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_SO2	PFT fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_OC	PFT fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_BC	PFT fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).

10.4. Variables that have a value for each crop PFT at each land grid point

These variables are only available when ncpft > 0.

Name	Description
cropdvi	Crop PFT developmental index (DVI).
croprootc	Crop PFT root carbon pool (kg m-2).
cropharvc	Crop PFT carbon in harvested parts (kg m-2).
cropreservec	Crop PFT carbon in stem reserve pool (kg m-2).
croplai	Crop PFT leaf area index (LAI).
cropcanht	Crop PFT canopy height (m).
cropyield	Crop PFT yield carbon (kg m-2). cropyield is zero in every timestep where there is no harvest, so this variable will mostly be used with output_type set to ‘A’ or ‘X’.
harvest_counter	1 in a timestep where crop is harvested, 0 otherwise. When used with output_type = ‘A’, will count the number of harvests since the beginning of the run.
harvest_trigger	Indicates which condition triggered the harvest: No harvest in timestep. Crop reached maturity (DVI=2). Crop leaf area index became too high (LAI>15). Crop has flowered (DVI>1) and temperature in the second soil layer dropped below t_mort_io. Crop has flowered (DVI>1), cropharvc > 0 and (croprootc + cropleafc + cropstemc + cropreservec) < initial_carbon_io. l_prescsow = T, crop has emerged (DVI>=0), and the day of year is the day before the sowing date.
cropstemc	Crop PFT carbon in stem parts (kg m-2).
cropleafc	Crop PFT carbon in leaf parts (kg m-2).
cropsowdate	PFT sowing date (1.0 to 365.0). If l_prescsow = FALSE then this will always be 0.

10.5. Variables that have a value for each tile at each land gridpoint

Name	Description
alb_tile_1	Tile land albedo, waveband 1 (direct beam visible).
alb_tile_2	Tile land albedo, waveband 2 (diffuse visible).
alb_tile_3	Tile land albedo, waveband 3 (direct beam NIR).
alb_tile_4	Tile land albedo, waveband 4 (diffuse NIR).
anthrop_heat	Anthropogenic heat flux for each tile (W m-2).
canopy	Tile surface/canopy water for snow-free land tiles (kg m-2).
catch	Tile surface/canopy water capacity of snow-free land tiles (kg m-2).
ecan	Tile evaporation from canopy/surface store for snow-free land tiles (kg m-2 s-1).
ei	Tile sublimation from lying snow for land tiles (kg m-2 s-1).
emis	Tile emissivity.
esoil	Tile surface evapotranspiration from soil moisture store for snow-free land tile (kg m-2 s-1).
fqw	Tile surface moisture flux for land tiles (kg m-2 s-1).
ftl	Tile surface sensible heat flux for land tiles (W m-2).
gc	Tile surface conductance to evaporation for land tiles(m s-1).
le	Tile surface latent heat flux for land tiles (W m-2).
nsnow	Tile number of snow layers (-).
q1p5m	Tile specific humidity at 1.5m over land tiles (kg kg-1).
rad_net_tile	Tile surface net radiation (W m-2).
rgrain	Tile snow surface grain size (μm).
snow_can_melt	Tile melt of snow on canopy (kg m-2 s-1).
snow_can	Tile snow on canopy (kg m-2).
snow_depth	Tile snow depth (m).
snow_grnd_rho	Tile bulk density of snow on ground (kg m-3).
snow_grnd	Tile snow on ground below canopy (kg m-2).
snow_ground	Tile snow on ground (snow_tile or snow_grnd depending on configuration) (kg m-2).
snow_ice_tile	Tile total frozen mass in snow on ground (kg m-2). Only available if nsmax > 0.
snow_liq_tile	Tile total liquid mass in snow on ground (kg m-2). Only available if nsmax > 0.
snow_mass	Tile lying snow (total) (kg m-2).
snow_melt	Tile snow melt rate (melt_tile) (kg m-2 s-1).
surf_ht_flux	Downward heat flux for each tile (W m-2).
surf_ht_store	C*(dT/dt) for each tile (W m-2).
t1p5m	Tile temperature at 1.5m over land tiles (K).
tstar	Tile surface temperature (K).
z0	Tile surface roughness (m).

10.6. Variables that have a value for each surface type at each land gridpoint

Name	Description
frac	Fractional cover of each surface type.
tile_index	Index (gridbox number) of land points with each surface type.

10.7. Variables that have a value for each soil level at each land gridpoint

Name	Description
b	Brooks-Corey exponent for each soil layer (-).
ext	Extraction of water from each soil layer (kg m-2 s-1).
hcap	Dry soil heat capacity (J K-1 m-3) for each soil layer.
hcon	Dry soil thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1) for each soil layer.
satcon	Saturated hydraulic conductivity (kg m-2 s-1) for each soil layer.
sathh	Saturated soil water pressure (m) for each soil layer.
smcl	Moisture content of each soil layer (kg m-2).
soil_wet	Total moisture content of each soil layer, as fraction of saturation (-).
sthf	Frozen moisture content of each soil layer as a fraction of saturation (-).
sthu	Unfrozen moisture content of each soil layer as a fraction of saturation (-).
sthu_irr	Unfrozen moisture content of each soil layer as a fraction of saturation in irrigated fraction (-) (only available if l_irrig_dmd = T).
t_soil	Sub-surface temperature of each layer (K).
sm_crit	Volumetric moisture content at critical point for each soil layer (-).
sm_sat	Volumetric moisture content at saturation for each soil layer (-).
sm_wilt	Volumetric moisture content at wilting point for each soil layer (-).

10.8. Variables that have a value for each bedrock layer at each land gridpoint

These variables are only available when l_bedrock = TRUE.

Name	Description
tsoil_deep	Temperature of each bedrock layer (K).

10.9. Variables that have a value for each soil carbon pool at each land gridpoint

If l_triffid = TRUE, there are 4 soil carbon pools as in the RothC model (decomposable plant material, resistant plant material, biomass, humus). If l_triffid = FALSE, there is a single soil carbon pool.

Name	Description
cs	Carbon in each soil pool (kg m-2).
resp_s	Respiration rate from each soil carbon pool (kg m-2 s-1).

10.10. Variables that have a value for each snow layer on each tile at each land gridpoint

These variables are only available when nsmax > 0.

Name	Description
rgrainl	Grain size in snow layers for each tile (μm).
snow_ds	Depth of each snow layer for each tile (m).
snow_ice	Mass of ice in each snow layer for each tile (kg m-2).
snow_liq	Mass of liquid water in each snow layer for each tile (kg m-2).
tsnow	Temperature of each snow layer (K).