9. JULES Output variables

Variables that are available for output from JULES are listed in this section, separated according to the broad area of science. If a variable cannot be found, users should also check in related sections.

Note

Most variables are output on the full model grid (even for variables defined on land points only).

Most river variables are output on the river routing model grid, which is a 1D grid defined on the valid river routing points only. These are indicated by names ending in _rp and have a single spatial dimension of size np_rivers. A regridded version of some river variables can also be output on the full model grid.”

Any points on the grid for which a variable is not defined with be filled with a missing data value.

Any variables also available on soil tiles are indicated next to their non-soil-tiled analogues, e.g. var[_soilt], in which case they have an additional dimension of size nsoilt.

All variables include a land point dimension, unless specified otherwise.

The sizes of dimensions are indicated in the tables below using links to other sections of this documentation, wherever possible. Other sizes are discussed in the table below.

Name	Description
ch4layer	Number of soil methane layers. Equals sm_levels if l_ch4_tlayered = TRUE, otherwise = 1.
cslayer	Number of layers for soil carbon and nitrogen. With the single-pool soil model (soil_bgc_model = 1), cslayer = 1. With 4-pool model (soil_bgc_model = 2), if l_layeredc = TRUE cslayer = sm_levels, otherwise cslayer = 1. With the ECOSSE model (soil_bgc_model = 3), cslayer = dim_cslayer.
cspool	Number of soil carbon pools. =1 with the single-pool soil model (soil_bgc_model = 1). =4 with the 4-pool or ECOSSE models (soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3).
land+sea	Variable is available on all points (land and sea).
ncpft	Number of crop plant functional types - see ncpft.
npft	Number of plant functional types - see npft.
ns_deep	The number of levels in the thermal-only bedrock - see ns_deep.
nsmax	Maximum-allowed number of snow layers - see nsmax.
nsoilt	Number of soil tiles. nsurft if l_tile_soil = TRUE, otherwise 1.
nsurft	Number of surface tiles. 1 if l_aggregate = TRUE, otherwise ntype.
ntype	Number of surface types, = npft + nnvg
sm_levels	Number of soil layers (for soil moisture) - see sm_levels.

9.1. Meteorology

Unlesss stated otherwise these variables have values at both land and sea points.

Name	Description	Dimensions
precip	Gridbox precipitation rate (kg m-2 s-1).
rainfall	Gridbox rainfall rate (kg m-2 s-1).
snowfall	Gridbox snowfall rate (kg m-2 s-1).
con_rain	Gridbox convective rainfall (kg m-2 s-1).
con_snow	Gridbox convective snowfall (kg m-2 s-1).
ls_rain	Gridbox large-scale rainfall (kg m-2 s-1).
ls_snow	Gridbox large-scale snowfall (kg m-2 s-1).
pstar	Gridbox surface pressure (Pa).
q1p5m_gb	Gridbox specific humidity at 1.5m height (kg kg-1).
qw1	Gridbox specific humidity (total water content) (kg kg-1).
q1p5m	Tile specific humidity at 1.5m over land tiles (kg kg-1).	land,nsurft
lw_down	Gridbox surface downward LW radiation (W m-2).
sw_down	Gridbox surface downward SW radiation (W m-2).
t1p5m_gb	Gridbox temperature at 1.5m height (K).
t1p5m	Tile temperature at 1.5m over land tiles (K).	land,nsurft
tl1	Gridbox ice/liquid water temperature (K).
u1	Gridbox westerly wind component (m s-1).
u10m	Gridbox westerly wind component at 10 m height (m s-1).
v1	Gridbox southerly wind component (m s-1).
v10m	Gridbox southerly wind component at 10m height (m s-1).
wind	Gridbox wind speed (m s-1).

9.2. Radiation

Name	Description	Dimensions
Albedos and emissivities
albedo_land	Gridbox albedo (as used to calculate net shortwave radiation) (-).
alb_tile_1	Tile land albedo, waveband 1 (direct beam visible).	nsurft
alb_tile_2	Tile land albedo, waveband 2 (diffuse visible).	nsurft
alb_tile_3	Tile land albedo, waveband 3 (direct beam NIR).	nsurft
alb_tile_4	Tile land albedo, waveband 4 (diffuse NIR).	nsurft
land_albedo_1	Gridbox band 1 albedo (direct beam visible).	land+sea
land_albedo_2	Gridbox band 2 albedo (diffuse visible).	land+sea
land_albedo_3	Gridbox band 3 albedo (direct beam NIR).	land+sea
land_albedo_4	Gridbox band 4 albedo (diffuse NIR).	land+sea
emis_gb	Gridbox emissivity.
emis	Tile emissivity.	nsurft
Radiation fluxes
apar	PFT absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (W m-2).	npft
apar_gb	Gridbox absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (W m-2).
lw_down_surft	Tile downwelling longwave radiation (W m-2).	nsurft
lw_up_surft	Tile upwelling longwave radiation (W m-2).	nsurft
lw_net	Gridbox surface net LW radiation (W m-2).
lw_up	Gridbox surface upward LW radiation (W m-2).
rad_net	Surface net radiation (W m-2).
rad_net_tile	Tile surface net radiation (W m-2).	nsurft
sw_net	Gribox net shortwave radiation at the surface (W m-2).
sw_net_surft	Tile net shortwave radiation (W m-2).	nsurft
Other radiation variables
cosz	Cosine of the zenith angle (-).	land+sea
diff_frac	Gridbox fraction of radiation that is diffuse (-).	land+sea
fapar	PFT fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (-).	npft
NDVI_land	Gridbox NDVI (using sum of direct and diffuse for (NIR-VIS)/(NIR+VIS)).
trad	Gridbox effective radiative temperature (K).

9.3. Energy and momentum fluxes, and surface temperatures

Name	Description	Dimensions
ftl	Tile surface sensible heat flux for land tiles (W m-2).	nsurft
ftl_gb	Gridbox surface sensible heat flux (W m-2).	land+sea
le	Tile surface latent heat flux for land tiles (W m-2).	nsurft
latent_heat	Gridbox surface latent heat flux (W m-2).	land+sea
surf_ht_flux	Downward heat flux for each tile (W m-2).	nsurft
surf_ht_store	C*(dT/dt) for each tile (W m-2).	nsurft
surf_ht_flux_gb	Gridbox net downward heat flux at surface over land and sea-ice fraction of gridbox (W m-2).	land+sea
anthrop_heat	Anthropogenic heat flux for each tile (W m-2).	nsurft
hf_snow_melt	Gridbox snowmelt heat flux (W m-2).
snomlt_surf_htf	Gridbox heat flux used for surface melting of snow (W m-2).	land+sea
snomlt_sub_htf	Gridbox sub-canopy snowmelt heat flux (W m-2).
tstar_gb	Gridbox surface temperature (K).	land+sea
tstar	Tile surface temperature (K).	nsurft
tsurf_elev_surft	Tile temperature of elevated subsurface tiles (K).	nsurft
tau	Tile surface wind stress for land tiles (N m-2).	nsurft
taux1	Gridbox westerly component of surface wind stress (N m-2).	land+sea
tauy1	Gridbox southerly component of surface wind stress (N m-2).	land+sea
tauy_gb	Gridbox scalar magnitude of surface wind stress (N m-2).	land+sea
z0	Tile surface roughness (m).	nsurft

9.4. Soil moisture and temperature, and soil characteristics

Name	Description	Dimensions
Soil moisture
smcl[_soilt]	Moisture content of each soil layer (kg m-2).	sm_levels
soil_wet	Total moisture content of each soil layer, as fraction of saturation (-).	sm_levels
sthu[_soilt]	Unfrozen moisture content of each soil layer as a fraction of saturation (-).	sm_levels
sthu_irr[_soilt]	Unfrozen moisture content of each soil layer as a fraction of saturation in irrigated fraction (-) (only available if l_irrig_dmd = T).	sm_levels
sthf[_soilt]	Frozen moisture content of each soil layer as a fraction of saturation (-).	sm_levels
smc_tot	Gridbox total soil moisture in column (kg m-2).
swet_liq_tot	Gridbox unfrozen soil moisture as fraction of saturation (-).
swet_tot	Gridbox soil moisture as fraction of saturation (-).
sthzw[_soilt]	Soil wetness in the deep LSH/TOPMODEL layer (-).
zw[_soilt]	Gridbox mean depth to water table (m).
Soil temperature
t_soil[_soilt]	Sub-surface temperature of each layer (K).	sm_levels
tsoil_deep	Temperature of each bedrock layer (K). Only available when l_bedrock = TRUE.	ns_deep
depth_frozen	Gridbox depth of frozen ground at surface defined from soil temperature (m).
depth_frozen_sthf	Gridbox depth of frozen ground at surface defined from soil moisture (m). Recommended over depth_frozen except where the soil is very dry.
depth_unfrozen	Gridbox depth of unfrozen ground at surface defined from soil temperature (m).
depth_unfrozen_sthf	Gridbox depth of unfrozen ground at surface defined from soil moisture (m). Recommended over depth_unfrozen except where the soil is very dry.
Soil characteristics
b[_soilt]	Brooks-Corey exponent for each soil layer (-).	sm_levels
hcap[_soilt]	Dry soil heat capacity (J K-1 m-3) for each soil layer.	sm_levels
hcon[_soilt]	Dry soil thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1) for each soil layer.	sm_levels
satcon[_soilt]	Saturated hydraulic conductivity (kg m-2 s-1) for each soil layer.	sm_levels
sathh[_soilt]	Saturated soil water pressure (m) for each soil layer.	sm_levels
sm_crit[_soilt]	Volumetric moisture content at critical point for each soil layer (-), as given in JULES_SOIL_PROPS.	sm_levels
sm_sat[_soilt]	Volumetric moisture content at saturation for each soil layer (-).	sm_levels
sm_wilt[_soilt]	Volumetric moisture content at wilting point for each soil layer (-), as given in JULES_SOIL_PROPS.	sm_levels

9.5. Hydrology

Name	Description	Dimensions
Canopy hydrology
canopy_gb	Gridbox canopy water content (kg m-2).
canopy	Tile surface/canopy water for snow-free land tiles (kg m-2).	nsurft
catch	Tile surface/canopy water capacity of snow-free land tiles (kg m-2).	nsurft
tfall	Gridbox throughfall (kg m-2 s-1).
Evaporation and sublimation
fqw	Tile surface moisture flux for land tiles (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
fqw_gb	Gridbox moisture flux from surface (kg m-2 s-1).	land+sea
ecan	Tile evaporation from canopy/surface store for snow-free land tiles (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
ecan_gb	Gridbox mean evaporation from canopy/surface store (kg m-2 s-1).	land+sea
ei	Tile sublimation from lying snow for land tiles (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
ei_gb	Gridbox sublimation from lying snow or sea-ice (kg m-2 s-1).	land+sea
elake	Gridbox mean evaporation from lakes (kg m-2 s-1).
esoil	Tile surface evapotranspiration from soil moisture store for snow-free land tile (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
esoil_gb	Gridbox surface evapotranspiration from soil moisture store (kg m-2 s-1).	land+sea
et_stom	Tile transpiration (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
et_stom_gb	Gridbox transpiration (kg m-2 s-1).	land+sea
fao_et0	FAO Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration for reference crop (kg m-2 s-1)
gc	Tile surface conductance to evaporation for land tiles (m s-1).	nsurft
gs	Gridbox surface conductance to evaporation (m s-1).
ext[_soilt]	Extraction of water from each soil layer (kg m-2 s-1).	sm_levels
fsmc_gb	Gridbox soil moisture availability factor (beta) (-).
fsmc	PFT soil moisture availability factor (-).	npft
smc_avail_top	Gridbox available moisture in surface layer of depth given by zsmc (kg m-2). Calculated using sm_wilt from JULES_SOIL_PROPS.
smc_avail_tot	Gridbox available moisture in soil column (kg m-2). Calculated using sm_wilt from JULES_SOIL_PROPS.
Runoff
runoff	Gridbox runoff rate (kg m-2 s-1).
sub_surf_roff	Gridbox sub-surface runoff (kg m-2 s-1).
surf_roff	Gridbox surface runoff (kg m-2 s-1).
sat_excess_roff[_soilt]	Gridbox saturation excess runoff rate (kg m-2 s-1).
drain[_soilt]	Gridbox drainage at bottom of soil column (kg m-2 s-1).
qbase[_soilt]	Gridbox baseflow (lateral subsurface runoff) (kg m-2 s-1), i.e. the sum of surface and subsurface lateral flows from all soil layers (inc. deep LSH/TOPMODEL layer). Only available if l_top = TRUE.
qbase_zw[_soilt]	Gridbox baseflow (lateral subsurface runoff) from deep LSH/TOPMODEL layer (kg m-2 s-1). Only available if l_top = TRUE.
Other hydrological variables
fsat[_soilt]	Gridbox surface saturated fraction (-). The fraction of grid cell where the water table is above the land surface. Only available if l_top = TRUE.
fwetl[_soilt]	Gridbox wetland fraction at end of model timestep (-). The fraction of grid cell where the water table is above the land surface, but water is not flowing (stagnant) (fwetl<=fsat). Only available if l_top = TRUE.

9.6. Rivers

Name	Description	Dimensions
Output on the river routing model grid
rflow_rp	River routing gridbox river flow rate (kg m-2 s-1). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE.	np_rivers
rivers_outflow_rp	River outflow on river routing grid (kg s-1). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE.	np_rivers
outflow_per_river	River outflow into the ocean for each river (kg s-1). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE. This technically has dimensions of “np_rivers”, although only [1:n_rivers], defined by the riv_number_file, is populated.	np_rivers
rrun_rp	River routing gridbox runoff rate received by river routing routine (kg m-2 s-1). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE.	np_rivers
rrun_surf_rp	River routing gridbox surface runoff rate received by river routing routine (kg m-2 s-1). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE.	np_rivers
rrun_sub_surf_rp	River routing gridbox sub-surface runoff rate received by river routing routine (kg m-2 s-1). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE.	np_rivers
rfm_surfstore_rp	Surface storage on river points (m3). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE and i_river_vn = 2.	np_rivers
rfm_substore_rp	Sub-surface storage on river points (m3). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE and i_river_vn = 2.	np_rivers
rfm_flowin_rp	Surface inflow on river points (m3 s-1). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE and i_river_vn = 2.	np_rivers
rfm_bflowin_rp	Sub-surface inflow on river points (m3 s-1). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE and i_river_vn = 2.	np_rivers
rivers_sto_rp	River routing gridbox river storage (kg) Only available if l_rivers = TRUE and i_river_vn = 3.	np_rivers
frac_fplain_rp	Overbank inundation area as a fraction of river routing gridcell area. Only available if l_riv_overbank = TRUE.	np_rivers
Output regridded to the JULES model grid
rflow	Gridbox river flow rate (kg m-2 s-1). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE.
rrun	Gridbox runoff rate received by river routing routine (kg m-2 s-1). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE
frac_fplain_lp	Overbank inundation area as a fraction of gridcell area. Only available if l_riv_overbank = TRUE.

9.7. Snow

Name	Description	Dimensions
Snow state
snow_mass	Tile lying snow (total) (kg m-2).	nsurft
snow_mass_gb	Gridbox snowmass (kg m-2).	land+sea
snow_depth	Tile snow depth (m).	nsurft
snow_depth_gb	Gridbox depth of snow (m).
snow_can	Tile snow on canopy (kg m-2).	nsurft
snow_can_gb	Gridbox snow on canopy (kg m-2).
snow_ground	Tile snow on ground (snow_tile or snow_grnd depending on configuration) (kg m-2).	nsurft
snow_grnd_gb	Gridbox average snow beneath canopy (snow_grnd) (kg m-2).
snow_grnd	Tile snow on ground below canopy (kg m-2).	nsurft
snow_grnd_rho	Tile bulk density of snow on ground (kg m-3).	nsurft
snow_frac	Gridbox snow-covered fraction of land points (-).
snow_ice_tile	Tile total frozen mass in snow on ground (kg m-2). Only available if nsmax > 0.	nsurft
snow_ice_gb	Gridbox frozen water in snowpack (kg m-2). Only available if nsmax > 0.
snow_liq_tile	Tile total liquid mass in snow on ground (kg m-2). Only available if nsmax > 0.	nsurft
snow_liq_gb	Gridbox liquid water in snowpack (kg m-2). Only available if nsmax > 0.
nsnow	Tile number of snow layers (-).	nsurft
rgrain	Tile snow surface grain size (μm).	nsurft
Snow layer variables
snow_ds	Depth of each snow layer for each tile (m). Only available if nsmax > 0.	nsurft,nsmax
snow_ice	Mass of ice in each snow layer for each tile (kg m-2). Only available if nsmax > 0.	nsurft,nsmax
snow_liq	Mass of liquid water in each snow layer for each tile (kg m-2). Only available if nsmax > 0.	nsurft,nsmax
tsnow	Temperature of each snow layer (K). Only available if nsmax > 0.	nsurft,nsmax
rgrainl	Grain size in snow layers for each tile (μm). Only available if nsmax > 0.	nsurft,nsmax
Snow fluxes and rates of change
snow_melt	Tile snow melt rate (melt_tile) (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
snow_melt_gb	Gridbox rate of snowmelt (kg m-2 s-1).
snow_can_melt	Tile melt of snow on canopy (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
snice_freez_surft	Tile internal refreezing rate in snowpack (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
snice_m_surft	Tile total internal melt rate of snowpack (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
snice_runoff_surft	Tile net rate of liquid leaving snowpack on tiles (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
snice_sicerate_surft	Tile rate of change of solid mass in snowpack (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
snice_sliqrate_surft	Tile rate of change of liquid in snowpack (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
snice_smb_surft	Tile rate of change of snowpack mass (kg m-2 s-1).	nsurft
snow_soil_htf	Tile downward heat flux after snowpack to subsurface” (W m-2).	nsurft

9.8. Vegetation carbon and related fluxes

Name	Description	Dimensions
c_veg	PFT total carbon content of the vegetation at end of model timestep (kg C m-2). (including leaf, wood and root carbon, both above and below ground)	npft
cv	Gridbox mean vegetation carbon at end of model timestep (kg m-2).
leafC	PFT carbon in leaf biomass (kg m-2 ).	npft
rootC	PFT carbon in root biomass (kg m-2 ).	npft
woodC	PFT carbon in woody biomass (kg m-2 ).	npft
frac_agr	Fractional area of agricultural land in each gridbox. If l_trif_crop is TRUE, frac_agr is the fractional area of crop land in each gridbox.
frac_agr_prev	Fractional area of agricultural land at the previous timestep.
frac_past	Fractional area of pasture land in each gridbox.
plantNumDensity	Number density of plants ( m-2 ).	npft,nmasst
Fractional cover, leaf area and turnover, and canopy height
frac	Fractional cover of each surface type.	ntype
lai	PFT leaf area index (-).	npft
lai_gb	Gridbox leaf area index (-).
lai_bal	PFT balanced leaf area index in sf_stom (-).	npft
lai_phen	PFT leaf area index after phenology (-).	npft
canht	PFT canopy height (m).	npft
g_leaf	PFT leaf turnover rate ([360days]-1).	npft
g_leaf_day	PFT mean leaf turnover rate for input to PHENOL ([360days]-1).	npft
g_leaf_dr_out	PFT mean leaf turnover rate for driving TRIFFID ([360days]-1).	npft
g_leaf_phen	PFT mean leaf turnover rate over phenology period([360days]-1).	npft
GPP, NPP, respiration
gpp	PFT gross primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon (kg C m-2 s-1).	npft
gpp_gb	Gridbox gross primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon (kg C m-2 s-1).
npp	PFT net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon prior to nitrogen limitation (kg C m-2 s-1).	npft
npp_n_gb	Gridbox net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon after nitrogen limitation (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
npp_n	PFT net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon after nitrogen limitation (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
npp_dr_out	PFT mean NPP of biomass expressed as carbon for driving TRIFFID (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
nbp_gb	Gridbox mean net biosphere productivity. This is NPP minus the sum of all carbon fluxes out of land: soil respiration, exudates, harvest flux, wood product pool decay fluxes, and loss of carbon from vegetation and soil due to fire (kg C m-2 (360days)-1)
resp_p	PFT plant respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
resp_p_gb	Gridbox plant respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_w_dr_out	PFT mean wood respiration carbon flux for driving TRIFFID (kg m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
resp_l	PFT leaf respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
resp_r	PFT root respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
resp_w	PFT wood respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
Litter carbon fluxes
lit_c	PFT carbon litter (kg m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
lit_c_mean	Gridbox mean carbon litter (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
lit_c_ag	PFT carbon litter from LU/agriculture (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
lit_c_orig	PFT carbon litter including LU (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
leaf_litC	PFT litter carbon due to leaf turnover (kg m-2 )(360days)-1).	npft
root_litC	PFT litter carbon due to root turnover (kg m-2 )(360days)-1).	npft
wood_litC	PFT litter carbon due to wood turnover (kg m-2 )(360days)-1).	npft
plant_input_c_gb	Gridbox input of C to the soil by plant litterfall (kg m-2 s-1). Only available with the ECOSSE soil model (soil_bgc_model = 3).
Other carbon fluxes
exudates	PFT exudates - excess carbon not assimilable into plant due lack of nitrogen availability (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
exudates_gb	Gridbox exudates: excess carbon not assimilable into plant due lack of nitrogen (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
pc_s	PFT net carbon available for spreading in TRIFFID (kg m-2 (360 days)-1).	npft
Harvest, wood products and land use
root_abandon	PFT carbon flux from roots abandoned during landuse change to soil (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
root_abandon_gb	Carbon from roots abandoned during landuse change to soil kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
harvest	Flux of carbon to product pools due to harvest (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
harvest_gb	Gridbox flux of carbon to product pools due to harvest (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
harvest_biocrop	Flux of carbon to product pools due to biocrop harvest (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
harvest_biocrop_gb	Gridbox flux of carbon to product pools due to biocrop harvest (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
wood_prod_fast	Carbon content of the fast decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2).
wood_prod_med	Carbon content of the medium decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2).
wood_prod_slow	Carbon content of the slow decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2).
WP_fast_in	Carbon flux from vegetation to the fast decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_med_in	Carbon flux from vegetation to the medium decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_slow_in	Carbon flux from vegetation to the slow decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_fast_out	Carbon flux from the fast decay-rate wood product pool to atmosphere (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_med_out	Carbon flux from the medium decay-rate wood product pool to atmosphere (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_slow_out	Carbon flux from the slow decay-rate wood product pool to atmosphere (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
Carbon conservation
cnsrv_carbon_veg2	Error in land carbon conservation in veg2 routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_carbon_triffid	Error in land carbon conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_veg_triffid	Error in vegetation carbon conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_soil_triffid	Error in soil carbon conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_prod_triffid	Error in wood product carbon conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis
t_home_gb	Long-term home temperature for C3 photosynthesis (K). Only available if photo_acclim_model = 1 or 3.
t_growth_gb	Short-term growth temperature for C3 photosynthesis (K). Only available if photo_acclim_model = 2 or 3.

9.9. Vegetation nitrogen and related fluxes

Name	Description	Dimensions
n_veg	PFT plant nitrogen content N_LEAF+N_ROOT+N_WOOD from carbon equivalents (kg m-2).	npft
n_veg_gb	Gridbox mean plant nitrogen content: n_leaf+n_root+n_wood from carbon equivalents (kg m-2 ).
n_leaf	PFT leaf nitrogen scaled by LAI in sf_stom (kg m-2).	npft
n_root	PFT root nitrogen scaled by LAI_BAL in sf_stom (kg m-2).	npft
n_stem	PFT stem nitrogen scaled by LAI in sf_stom; scaled by LAI_BAL if l_stem_resp_fix=T (kg m-2).	npft
Nitrogen fluxes
deposition_n	Nitrogen deposition (kg m-2 s-1).
n_demand	PFT total nitrogen demand (kg m-2 (360 days)-1).	npft
n_demand_gb	Gridbox mean demand for nitrogen (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
n_fix	PFT fixed nitrogen (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
n_fix_gb	Gridbox mean nitrogen fixed by plants (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
n_uptake	PFT nitrogen taken up by plants (kg m-2 (360 days)-1).	npft
n_uptake_gb	Gridbox total nitrogen uptake by plants (kg N m-2 (360days)-1). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3.
n_demand_growth	PFT nitrogen demand for growth of existing plant biomass (kg m-2 (360 days)-1).	npft
n_uptake_growth	PFT nitrogen taken up for growth of existing plant biomass (kg m-2 (360 days)-1).	npft
n_demand_lit	PFT nitrogen demand of litter: nitrogen lost in leaf, wood and root biomass (kg m-2 (360 days)-1).	npft
n_demand_spread	PFT nitrogen demand for spreading plants across gridbox (kg m-2 (360 days)-1).	npft
n_fertiliser	Nitrogen addition from fertiliser (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
Nitrogen fluxes in litter, harvest and land use
lit_n_t	Gridbox mean total nitrogen litter (kg m-2 (360days)-1). (kg m-2 s-1).
lit_n	PFT nitrogen litter (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
leaf_litN	PFT litter nitrogen due to leaf turnover (kg m-2 )(360days)-1).	npft
lit_n_ag	PFT nitrogen loss due to LU/agriculture (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
litterN	PFT local nitrogen litter production (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
lit_n_orig	PFT nitrogen litter including LU (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
root_litN	PFT nitrogen lost as litter due to root turnover (kg m-2 )(360days)-1).	npft
wood_litN	PFT litter nitrogen due to wood turnover (kg m-2 )(360days)-1).	npft
plant_input_n_gb	Gridbox input of N to the soil by plant litterfall (kg m-2 s-1). Only available with the ECOSSE soil model (soil_bgc_model = 3).
harvest_n	flux of nitrogen to atmosphere due to harvest (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
harvest_n_gb	Gridbox flux of nitrogen to atmosphere due to harvest (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
harvest_biocrop_n	flux of nitrogen to product pools due to biocrop harvest (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
harvest_biocrop_n_gb	Gridbox flux of nitrogen to product pools due to biocrop harvest (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
root_abandon_n	PFT nitrogen flux from roots abandoned during landuse change to soil (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).	npft
root_abandon_n_gb	Nitrogen from roots abandoned during landuse change to soil kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
Nitrogen conservation
cnsrv_nitrogen_triffd	Error in land nitrogen conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_vegN_triffid	Error in vegetation nitrogen conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_soilN_triffid	Error in soil nitrogen conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_n_inorg_triffid	Error in inorganic nitrogen conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)

9.10. Soil carbon and related fluxes

Name	Description	Dimensions
cs[_soilt]	Carbon in each soil pool and each soil biogeochemistry layer (kg m-2).	cspool,cslayer
cs_label	Labelled carbon in each soil pool and each soil biogeochemistry layer (kg m-2). Only available if l_label_frac_cs = TRUE.	cspool,cslayer
cs_gb	Gridbox total soil carbon (kg m-2).
cs_label_gb	Gridbox total labelled soil carbon (kg m-2). Only available if l_label_frac_cs = TRUE.
c_bio_gb	Gridbox soil carbon in biomass pool (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3.
c_dpm_gb	Gridbox soil carbon in decomposable plant material pool (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3.
c_hum_gb	Gridbox soil carbon in humus pool (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3.
c_rpm_gb	Gridbox soil carbon in resistant plant material pool (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3.
Soil carbon fluxes
co2_soil_gb	Gridbox C in CO2 flux from soil to atmosphere (kg m-2 s-1). Only available with the ECOSSE soil model (soil_bgc_model = 3).
resp_s	Respiration rate from each soil carbon pool each soil biogeochemistry layer (kg m-2 s-1).	cspool,cslayer
resp_label_cs	Respiration rate from each labelled soil carbon pool each soil biogeochemistry layer (kg m-2 s-1). Only available if l_label_frac_cs = TRUE.	cspool,cslayer
resp_s_gb	Gridbox total soil respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_label_cs_gb	Gridbox total labelled soil respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1). Only available if l_label_frac_cs = TRUE.
resp_s_to_atmos_gb	Respired carbon from soil carbon emitted to atmosphere (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_s_dr_out	Gridbox mean soil respiration carbon flux for driving TRIFFID (kg m-2 (360days)-1) This is the gross soil respiration; some of this carbon flux is from one soil carbon pool to another.
Other soil carbon variables
dpm_ratio	Gridbox DPM:RPM ratio of overall litter input (:).
fsth	Soil moisture modifier of soil respiration rate (-).	sm_levels
ftemp	Temperature modifier of soil respiration rate (-).	sm_levels
fprf	Modifier of soil respiration rate due to vegetation cover (-).
soil_CN	Soil C:N in each soil pool and each soil biogeochemistry layer	cspool,cslayer
soil_cn_gb	Gridbox total soil carbon : nitrogen ratio.
Soil methane variables
fch4_wetl	Gridbox scaled methane flux from wetland fraction using soil carbon as substrate if ch4_substrate=1, NPP as substrate if ch4_substrate=2, or soil respiration as substrate if ch4_substrate=3 (10-9 kg m-2 s-1).
fch4_wetl_cs[_soilt]	Gridbox methane flux from wetland fraction using soil carbon as substrate (kg m-2 s-1).
fch4_wetl_npp[_soilt]	Gridbox methane flux from wetland fraction using NPP as substrate (kg m-2 s-1).
fch4_wetl_resps[_soilt]	Gridbox methane flux from wetland fraction using soil respiration as substrate (kg m-2 s-1).
substr_ch4	Carbon in substrate pool used by methanogens for each soil methane layer (kg m-2). Only available if l_ch4_microbe = TRUE.	ch4layer
mic_ch4	Carbon in methanogenic biomass for each soil methane layer (kg m-2). Only available if l_ch4_microbe = TRUE.	ch4layer
mic_act_ch4	Activity level of methanogenic biomass for each soil methane layer (-). Only available if l_ch4_microbe = TRUE.	ch4layer
acclim_ch4	Acclimation factor for methanogenic processes in each soil methane layer (-). Only available if l_ch4_microbe = TRUE.	ch4layer

9.11. Soil nitrogen and related fluxes

Name	Description	Dimensions
n_soil_gb	Gridbox total soil nitrogen (organic and inorganic) (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3.
ns	Gridbox organic nitrogen in each soil pool and each soil biogeochemistry layer (kg m-2).	cspool,cslayer
ns_gb	Gridbox soil organic nitrogen (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3.
n_bio_gb	Gridbox soil nitrogen in biomass pool (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3.
n_dpm_gb	Gridbox soil nitrogen in decomposable plant material pool (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3.
n_rpm_gb	Gridbox soil nitrogen in resistant plant material pool (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3.
n_hum_gb	Gridbox soil nitrogen in humus pool (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3.
n_amm_gb	Gridbox soil nitrogen in ammonium pool (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 3.
n_nit_gb	Gridbox soil ammonium in ammonium pool (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 3.
n_inorg_gb	Gridbox soil inorganic nitrogen (kg m-2). Only available if soil_bgc_model = 2 or 3.
n_inorg_avail_pft	PFT inorganic nitrogen pool that is available for plant uptake for each soil biogeochemistry layer (kg m-2).	npft
Soil nitrogen fluxes
immob_n	Soil nitrogen immobilisation in each soil pool and each soil biogeochemistry layer (kg m-2 (360days)-1).	cspool,cslayer
immob_n_gb	Gridbox mean soil nitrogen immobilisation (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
immob_n_pot	Soil potential nitrogen immobilisation in each soil pool and each soil biogeochemistry layer (kg m-2 (360days)-1).	cspool,cslayer
immob_n_pot_gb	Gridbox mean potential soil nitrogen immobilisation (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
minl_n_pot	Soil potential nitrogen mineralisation in each pool soil pool and each soil biogeochemistry layer (kg m-2 (360days)-1).	cspool,cslayer
minl_n_pot_gb	Gridbox mean potential soil nitrogen mineralisation (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
minl_n	Soil nitrogen mineralisation in each pool soil pool and each soil biogeochemistry layer (kg m-2 (360days)-1).	cspool,cslayer
minl_gb	Gridbox mean soil nitrogen mineralisation (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
n_miner_gb	Gribox rate of net mineralisation of soil N (kg m-2 s-1). Only available with the ECOSSE soil model (soil_bgc_model = 3).
n_nitrif_gb	Gridbox mean rate of nitrification, expressed as N (kg m-2 s-1).
n_denitrif_gb	Gridbox mean rate of denitrification, expressed as N (kg m-2 s-1).
n2o_nitrif_gb	Gridbox mean N in N2O lost during nitrification, including partial nitrification (kg m-2 s-1).
n2o_part_nitrif_gb	Gridbox mean N in N2O lost by partial nitrification (kg m-2 s-1).
n2_denitrif_gb	Gridbox mean N in N2 lost from soil during denitrification (kg m-2 s-1).
n2o_denitrif_gb	Gridbox mean N in N2O lost during denitrification (kg m-2 s-1).
n2o_soil_gb	Gridbox mean N in N2O flux from soil to atmosphere (kg m-2 s-1).
no_soil_gb	Gridbox mean N in NO flux from soil to atmosphere (kg m-2 s-1).
n_fertiliser_gb	Gridbox nitrogen addition from fertiliser (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
n_gas_gb	Gridbox mean mineralised nitrogen gas emissions (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
n_leach	Gridbox leached nitrogen loss term (kg N m-2 s-1).
n_loss	Gridbox nitrogen loss term (fixed fraction of n_inorg) (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).

9.12. Fire

Name	Description	Dimensions
Fire indices
fire_mcarthur	McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index (No units)
fire_canadian	Canadian Fire Weather Index (No units).
fire_canadian_ffmc	Canadian Fire Weather Index- Fine Fuel Moisture Code (No units).
fire_canadian_dmc	Canadian Fire Weather Index- Duff Moisture Code (No units).
fire_canadian_dc	Canadian Fire Weather Index- Drought Code (No units).
fire_canadian_isi	Canadian Fire Weather Index- Initial Spread Index (No units).
fire_canadian_bui	Canadian Fire Weather Index- Build-up Index (No units).
fire_nesterov	Nesterov Fire Index (No units).
Burnt area
burnt_area	PFT burnt area fraction (s-1).	npft
burnt_area_gb	Gridbox mean burnt area fraction (s-1).
Fire emissions
emitted_carbon	PFT emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
emitted_carbon_gb	Gridbox mean emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
emitted_carbon_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
emitted_carbon_RPM	Resistant Plant Material emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO2_gb	Gridbox mean fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO2_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO2_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO_gb	Gridbox mean fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CH4_gb	Gridbox mean fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CH4_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CH4_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_NOx_gb	Gridbox mean fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_NOx_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_NOx_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_SO2_gb	Gridbox mean fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_SO2_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_SO2_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_OC_gb	Gridbox mean fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_OC_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_OC_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_BC_gb	Gridbox mean fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_BC_DPM	Decomposable Plant Material fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_BC_RPM	Resistant Plant Material fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO2	PFT fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
fire_em_CO	PFT fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
fire_em_CH4	PFT fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
fire_em_NOx	PFT fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
fire_em_SO2	PFT fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
fire_em_OC	PFT fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
fire_em_BC	PFT fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft

9.13. Crops

These variables are only available when ncpft > 0.

Name	Description	Dimensions
croplai	Crop PFT leaf area index (LAI).	ncpft
cropcanht	Crop PFT canopy height (m).	ncpft
cropleafc	Crop PFT carbon in leaf parts (kg m-2).	ncpft
cropstemc	Crop PFT carbon in stem parts (kg m-2).	ncpft
croprootc	Crop PFT root carbon pool (kg m-2).	ncpft
cropreservec	Crop PFT carbon in stem reserve pool (kg m-2).	ncpft
cropharvc	Crop PFT carbon in harvested parts (kg m-2).	ncpft
cropyield	Crop PFT yield carbon (kg m-2). cropyield is zero in every timestep where there is no harvest, so this variable will mostly be used with output_type set to ‘A’ or ‘X’.	ncpft
cropdvi	Crop PFT developmental index (DVI).	ncpft
cropsowdate	PFT sowing date (1.0 to 365.0). If l_prescsow = FALSE then this will always be 0.	ncpft
harvest_counter	1 in a timestep where crop is harvested, 0 otherwise. When used with output_type = ‘A’, will count the number of harvests since the beginning of the run.	ncpft
harvest_trigger	Indicates which condition triggered the harvest: No harvest in timestep. Crop reached maturity (DVI=2). Crop leaf area index became too high (LAI>15). Crop has flowered (DVI>1) and temperature in the second soil layer dropped below t_mort_io. Crop has flowered (DVI>1), cropharvc > 0 and (croprootc + cropleafc + cropstemc + cropreservec) < initial_carbon_io. l_prescsow = T, crop has emerged (DVI>=0), and the day of year is the day before the sowing date.	ncpft

9.14. Trace gas concentrations and fluxes

Name	Description	Dimensions
co2_mmr	Concentration of atmospheric CO2, expressed as a mass mixing ratio.
flux_o3_stom	PFT flux of O3 to stomata (nmol m-2 s-1).	npft
o3_exp_fac	PFT ozone exposure factor.	npft
acetone	PFT monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
acetone_gb	Gridbox mean monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
isoprene	PFT isoprene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
isoprene_gb	Gridbox mean isoprene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
methanol	PFT methanol emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
methanol_gb	Gridbox mean methanol emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
terpene	PFT monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).	npft
terpene_gb	Gridbox mean monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).

9.15. Water resources

Name	Description	Dimensions
water_demand	Demand for water across all water resource sectors (kg). Only available if l_water_resources = TRUE.
demand_domestic	Demand for water for domestic use (kg). Only available if l_water_domestic = TRUE.
demand_environment	Demand for water for environmental use (kg). Only available if l_water_environment = TRUE.
demand_industry	Demand for water for industrial use (kg). Only available if l_water_industry = TRUE.
demand_irrigation	Demand for water for irrigation (kg). Only available if l_water_irrigation = TRUE.
demand_livestock	Demand for water for livestock use (kg). Only available if l_water_livestock = TRUE.
demand_transfers	Demand for water for transfers (kg). Only available if l_water_transfers = TRUE.
demand_rate_domestic	Demand rate for water for domestic use (kg s-1). Only available if l_water_irrigation = TRUE.
demand_rate_industry	Demand rate for water for industrial use (kg s-1). Only available if l_water_industry = TRUE.
demand_rate_livestock	Demand rate for water for livestock use (kg s-1). Only available if l_water_livestock = TRUE.
demand_rate_transfers	Demand rate for water for transfers (kg s-1). Only available if l_water_transfers = TRUE.
irrig_water	Water applied as irrigation (kg m-2 s-1). Only available if l_irrig_dmd = TRUE.

9.16. Urban

Name	Description	Dimensions
wrr	Urban morphology: Repeating width ratio (or canyon fraction, W/R). Calculated if l_urban_empirical = TRUE, otherwise it will be the same as the input value (see List of urban properties).
hwr	Urban morphology: Height-to-width ratio (H/W). See for wrr above. Only used by MORUSES.
hgt	Urban morphology: Building height (H). See for wrr above. Only used by MORUSES.

9.17. IMOGEN

Name	Description	Dimensions
c_emiss_out	Prescribed carbon emissions in IMOGEN (Gt / year). This is a global value repeated over all land points and is only available when IMOGEN is switched on.
d_land_atmos_co2	Change in atmospheric CO2 concentration from land-atmosphere. CO2 feedbacks in IMOGEN (ppm / year). This is a global value repeated over all land points and is only available when IMOGEN is switched on.
d_ocean_atmos	Change in atmospheric CO2 concentration from ocean-atmosphere CO2 feedbacks in IMOGEN (ppm / year). This is a global value repeated over all land points and is only available when IMOGEN is switched on.

9.18. Grid and indexing variables

Name	Description	Dimensions
grid_area	Gridbox surface area (m2). Only available if l_water_irrigation = TRUE. or Only available if l_imogen = TRUE.	land+sea
grid_area_rp	River routing gridbox surface area (m2). Only available if l_rivers = TRUE. Note that this is defined on the river routing model grid, not on the land point grid.	np_rivers
land_index	Index (gridbox number) of land points.
lice_index	Index (gridbox number) of land ice points.
soil_index	Index (gridbox number) of soil points.
tile_index	Index (gridbox number) of land points with each surface type.	ntype