9. JULES Output variables¶
Variables that are available for output from JULES are listed in this section, separated according to the broad area of science. If a variable cannot be found, users should also check in related sections.
Note
Most variables are output on the full model grid (even for variables defined on land points only).
Most river variables are output on the river routing model grid, which is a 1D grid defined on the valid river routing points only. These are indicated by names ending in _rp
and have a single spatial dimension of size np_rivers
. A regridded version of some river variables can also be output on the full model grid.”
Any points on the grid for which a variable is not defined with be filled with a missing data value.
Any variables also available on soil tiles are indicated next to their non-soil-tiled analogues, e.g. var[_soilt]
, in which case they have an additional dimension of size nsoilt
.
All variables include a land point dimension, unless specified otherwise.
The sizes of dimensions are indicated in the tables below using links to other sections of this documentation, wherever possible. Other sizes are discussed in the table below.
Name |
Description |
---|---|
|
Number of soil methane layers. Equals |
|
Number of layers for soil carbon and nitrogen. With the single-pool soil model ( With 4-pool model ( With the ECOSSE model ( |
|
Number of soil carbon pools. =1 with the single-pool soil model ( =4 with the 4-pool or ECOSSE models ( |
|
Variable is available on all points (land and sea). |
|
Number of crop plant functional types - see |
|
Number of plant functional types - see |
|
The number of levels in the thermal-only bedrock - see |
|
Maximum-allowed number of snow layers - see |
|
Number of soil tiles.
|
|
Number of surface tiles.
1 if |
|
|
|
Number of soil layers (for soil moisture) - see |
9.1. Meteorology¶
Unlesss stated otherwise these variables have values at both land and sea points.
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
|
Gridbox precipitation rate (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox rainfall rate (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox snowfall rate (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox convective rainfall (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox convective snowfall (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox large-scale rainfall (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox large-scale snowfall (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox surface pressure (Pa). |
|
|
Gridbox specific humidity at 1.5m height (kg kg-1). |
|
|
Gridbox specific humidity (total water content) (kg kg-1). |
|
|
Tile specific humidity at 1.5m over land tiles (kg kg-1). |
land,nsurft |
|
Gridbox surface downward LW radiation (W m-2). |
|
|
Gridbox surface downward SW radiation (W m-2). |
|
|
Gridbox temperature at 1.5m height (K). |
|
|
Tile temperature at 1.5m over land tiles (K). |
land,nsurft |
|
Gridbox ice/liquid water temperature (K). |
|
|
Gridbox westerly wind component (m s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox westerly wind component at 10 m height (m s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox southerly wind component (m s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox southerly wind component at 10m height (m s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox wind speed (m s-1). |
9.2. Radiation¶
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
Albedos and emissivities |
||
|
Gridbox albedo (as used to calculate net shortwave radiation) (-). |
|
|
Tile land albedo, waveband 1 (direct beam visible). |
nsurft |
|
Tile land albedo, waveband 2 (diffuse visible). |
nsurft |
|
Tile land albedo, waveband 3 (direct beam NIR). |
nsurft |
|
Tile land albedo, waveband 4 (diffuse NIR). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox band 1 albedo (direct beam visible). |
land+sea |
|
Gridbox band 2 albedo (diffuse visible). |
land+sea |
|
Gridbox band 3 albedo (direct beam NIR). |
land+sea |
|
Gridbox band 4 albedo (diffuse NIR). |
land+sea |
|
Gridbox emissivity. |
|
|
Tile emissivity. |
nsurft |
Radiation fluxes |
||
|
PFT absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (W m-2). |
npft |
|
Gridbox absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (W m-2). |
|
|
Tile downwelling longwave radiation (W m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Tile upwelling longwave radiation (W m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox surface net LW radiation (W m-2). |
|
|
Gridbox surface upward LW radiation (W m-2). |
|
|
Surface net radiation (W m-2). |
|
|
Tile surface net radiation (W m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Gribox net shortwave radiation at the surface (W m-2). |
|
|
Tile net shortwave radiation (W m-2). |
nsurft |
Other radiation variables |
||
|
Cosine of the zenith angle (-). |
land+sea |
|
Gridbox fraction of radiation that is diffuse (-). |
land+sea |
|
PFT fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (-). |
npft |
|
Gridbox NDVI (using sum of direct and diffuse for (NIR-VIS)/(NIR+VIS)). |
|
|
Gridbox effective radiative temperature (K). |
9.3. Energy and momentum fluxes, and surface temperatures¶
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
|
Tile surface sensible heat flux for land tiles (W m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox surface sensible heat flux (W m-2). |
land+sea |
|
Tile surface latent heat flux for land tiles (W m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox surface latent heat flux (W m-2). |
land+sea |
|
Downward heat flux for each tile (W m-2). |
nsurft |
|
C*(dT/dt) for each tile (W m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox net downward heat flux at surface over land and sea-ice fraction of gridbox (W m-2). |
land+sea |
|
Anthropogenic heat flux for each tile (W m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox snowmelt heat flux (W m-2). |
|
|
Gridbox heat flux used for surface melting of snow (W m-2). |
land+sea |
|
Gridbox sub-canopy snowmelt heat flux (W m-2). |
|
|
Gridbox surface temperature (K). |
land+sea |
|
Tile surface temperature (K). |
nsurft |
|
Tile temperature of elevated subsurface tiles (K). |
nsurft |
|
Tile surface wind stress for land tiles (N m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox westerly component of surface wind stress (N m-2). |
land+sea |
|
Gridbox southerly component of surface wind stress (N m-2). |
land+sea |
|
Gridbox scalar magnitude of surface wind stress (N m-2). |
land+sea |
|
Tile surface roughness (m). |
nsurft |
9.4. Soil moisture and temperature, and soil characteristics¶
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
Soil moisture |
||
|
Moisture content of each soil layer (kg m-2). |
sm_levels |
|
Total moisture content of each soil layer, as fraction of saturation (-). |
sm_levels |
|
Unfrozen moisture content of each soil layer as a fraction of saturation (-). |
sm_levels |
|
Unfrozen moisture content of each soil layer as a fraction of saturation in irrigated fraction (-) (only available if l_irrig_dmd = T). |
sm_levels |
|
Frozen moisture content of each soil layer as a fraction of saturation (-). |
sm_levels |
|
Gridbox total soil moisture in column (kg m-2). |
|
|
Gridbox unfrozen soil moisture as fraction of saturation (-). |
|
|
Gridbox soil moisture as fraction of saturation (-). |
|
|
Soil wetness in the deep LSH/TOPMODEL layer (-). |
|
|
Gridbox mean depth to water table (m). |
|
Soil temperature |
||
|
Sub-surface temperature of each layer (K). |
sm_levels |
|
Temperature of each bedrock layer (K).
Only available when |
ns_deep |
|
Gridbox depth of frozen ground at surface defined from soil temperature (m). |
|
|
Gridbox depth of frozen ground at surface defined from soil moisture (m).
Recommended over |
|
|
Gridbox depth of unfrozen ground at surface defined from soil temperature (m). |
|
|
Gridbox depth of unfrozen ground at surface defined from soil moisture (m).
Recommended over |
|
Soil characteristics |
||
|
Brooks-Corey exponent for each soil layer (-). |
sm_levels |
|
Dry soil heat capacity (J K-1 m-3) for each soil layer. |
sm_levels |
|
Dry soil thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1) for each soil layer. |
sm_levels |
|
Saturated hydraulic conductivity (kg m-2 s-1) for each soil layer. |
sm_levels |
|
Saturated soil water pressure (m) for each soil layer. |
sm_levels |
|
Volumetric moisture content at critical point for each soil layer (-),
as given in |
sm_levels |
|
Volumetric moisture content at saturation for each soil layer (-). |
sm_levels |
|
Volumetric moisture content at wilting point for each soil layer (-),
as given in |
sm_levels |
9.5. Hydrology¶
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
Canopy hydrology |
||
|
Gridbox canopy water content (kg m-2). |
|
|
Tile surface/canopy water for snow-free land tiles (kg m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Tile surface/canopy water capacity of snow-free land tiles (kg m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox throughfall (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
Evaporation and sublimation |
||
|
Tile surface moisture flux for land tiles (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox moisture flux from surface (kg m-2 s-1). |
land+sea |
|
Tile evaporation from canopy/surface store for snow-free land tiles (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox mean evaporation from canopy/surface store (kg m-2 s-1). |
land+sea |
|
Tile sublimation from lying snow for land tiles (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox sublimation from lying snow or sea-ice (kg m-2 s-1). |
land+sea |
|
Gridbox mean evaporation from lakes (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Tile surface evapotranspiration from soil moisture store for snow-free land tile (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox surface evapotranspiration from soil moisture store (kg m-2 s-1). |
land+sea |
|
Tile transpiration (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox transpiration (kg m-2 s-1). |
land+sea |
|
FAO Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration for reference crop (kg m-2 s-1) |
|
|
Tile surface conductance to evaporation for land tiles (m s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox surface conductance to evaporation (m s-1). |
|
|
Extraction of water from each soil layer (kg m-2 s-1). |
sm_levels |
|
Gridbox soil moisture availability factor (beta) (-). |
|
|
PFT soil moisture availability factor (-). |
npft |
|
Gridbox available moisture in surface layer of depth given by |
|
|
Gridbox available moisture in soil column (kg m-2).
Calculated using |
|
Runoff |
||
|
Gridbox runoff rate (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox sub-surface runoff (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox surface runoff (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox saturation excess runoff rate (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox drainage at bottom of soil column (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox baseflow (lateral subsurface runoff) (kg m-2 s-1), i.e. the sum of
surface and subsurface lateral flows from all soil layers (inc. deep LSH/TOPMODEL layer).
Only available if |
|
|
Gridbox baseflow (lateral subsurface runoff) from deep LSH/TOPMODEL layer
(kg m-2 s-1).
Only available if |
|
Other hydrological variables |
||
|
Gridbox surface saturated fraction (-). The fraction of grid cell where the water table is
above the land surface. Only available if |
|
|
Gridbox wetland fraction at end of model timestep (-). The fraction of grid cell where the
water table is above the land surface, but water is not flowing (stagnant) (fwetl<=fsat).
Only available if |
9.6. Rivers¶
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
Output on the river routing model grid |
||
|
River routing gridbox river flow rate (kg m-2 s-1).
Only available if |
np_rivers |
|
River routing gridbox runoff rate received by river routing routine
(kg m-2 s-1).
Only available if |
np_rivers |
|
River routing gridbox surface runoff rate received by river routing routine
(kg m-2 s-1).
Only available if |
np_rivers |
|
River routing gridbox sub-surface runoff rate received by river routing routine
(kg m-2 s-1).
Only available if |
np_rivers |
|
Surface storage on river points (m3).
Only available if |
np_rivers |
|
Sub-surface storage on river points (m3).
Only available if |
np_rivers |
|
Surface inflow on river points (m3 s-1).
Only available if |
np_rivers |
|
Sub-surface inflow on river points (m3 s-1).
Only available if |
np_rivers |
|
River routing gridbox river storage (kg)
Only available if |
np_rivers |
|
Overbank inundation area as a fraction of river routing gridcell area.
Only available if |
np_rivers |
Output regridded to the JULES model grid |
||
|
Gridbox river flow rate (kg m-2 s-1).
Only available if |
|
|
Gridbox runoff rate received by river routing routine (kg m-2 s-1).
Only available if |
|
|
Overbank inundation area as a fraction of gridcell area.
Only available if |
9.7. Snow¶
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
Snow state |
||
|
Tile lying snow (total) (kg m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox snowmass (kg m-2). |
land+sea |
|
Tile snow depth (m). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox depth of snow (m). |
|
|
Tile snow on canopy (kg m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox snow on canopy (kg m-2). |
|
|
Tile snow on ground ( |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox average snow beneath canopy (snow_grnd) (kg m-2). |
|
|
Tile snow on ground below canopy (kg m-2). |
nsurft |
|
Tile bulk density of snow on ground (kg m-3). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox snow-covered fraction of land points (-). |
|
|
Tile total frozen mass in snow on ground (kg m-2).
Only available if |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox frozen water in snowpack (kg m-2).
Only available if |
|
|
Tile total liquid mass in snow on ground (kg m-2).
Only available if |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox liquid water in snowpack (kg m-2).
Only available if |
|
|
Tile number of snow layers (-). |
nsurft |
|
Tile snow surface grain size (μm). |
nsurft |
Snow layer variables |
||
|
Depth of each snow layer for each tile (m).
Only available if |
nsurft,nsmax |
|
Mass of ice in each snow layer for each tile (kg m-2).
Only available if |
nsurft,nsmax |
|
Mass of liquid water in each snow layer for each tile (kg m-2).
Only available if |
nsurft,nsmax |
|
Temperature of each snow layer (K).
Only available if |
nsurft,nsmax |
|
Grain size in snow layers for each tile (μm).
Only available if |
nsurft,nsmax |
Snow fluxes and rates of change |
||
|
Tile snow melt rate (melt_tile) (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Gridbox rate of snowmelt (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Tile melt of snow on canopy (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Tile internal refreezing rate in snowpack (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Tile total internal melt rate of snowpack (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Tile net rate of liquid leaving snowpack on tiles (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Tile rate of change of solid mass in snowpack (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Tile rate of change of liquid in snowpack (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Tile rate of change of snowpack mass (kg m-2 s-1). |
nsurft |
|
Tile downward heat flux after snowpack to subsurface” (W m-2). |
nsurft |
9.12. Fire¶
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
Fire indices |
||
|
McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index (No units) |
|
|
Canadian Fire Weather Index (No units). |
|
|
Canadian Fire Weather Index- Fine Fuel Moisture Code (No units). |
|
|
Canadian Fire Weather Index- Duff Moisture Code (No units). |
|
|
Canadian Fire Weather Index- Drought Code (No units). |
|
|
Canadian Fire Weather Index- Initial Spread Index (No units). |
|
|
Canadian Fire Weather Index- Build-up Index (No units). |
|
|
Nesterov Fire Index (No units). |
|
Burnt area |
||
|
PFT burnt area fraction (s-1). |
npft |
|
Gridbox mean burnt area fraction (s-1). |
|
Fire emissions |
||
|
PFT emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
npft |
|
Gridbox mean emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Decomposable Plant Material emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Resistant Plant Material emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox mean fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Decomposable Plant Material fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Resistant Plant Material fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox mean fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Decomposable Plant Material fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Resistant Plant Material fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox mean fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Decomposable Plant Material fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Resistant Plant Material fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox mean fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Decomposable Plant Material fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Resistant Plant Material fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox mean fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Decomposable Plant Material fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Resistant Plant Material fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox mean fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Decomposable Plant Material fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Resistant Plant Material fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Gridbox mean fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Decomposable Plant Material fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
Resistant Plant Material fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
PFT fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
npft |
|
PFT fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
npft |
|
PFT fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
npft |
|
PFT fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
npft |
|
PFT fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
npft |
|
PFT fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
npft |
|
PFT fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
npft |
9.13. Crops¶
These variables are only available when ncpft
> 0.
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
|
Crop PFT leaf area index (LAI). |
ncpft |
|
Crop PFT canopy height (m). |
ncpft |
|
Crop PFT carbon in leaf parts (kg m-2). |
ncpft |
|
Crop PFT carbon in stem parts (kg m-2). |
ncpft |
|
Crop PFT root carbon pool (kg m-2). |
ncpft |
|
Crop PFT carbon in stem reserve pool (kg m-2). |
ncpft |
|
Crop PFT carbon in harvested parts (kg m-2). |
ncpft |
|
Crop PFT yield carbon (kg m-2).
|
ncpft |
|
Crop PFT developmental index (DVI). |
ncpft |
|
PFT sowing date (1.0 to 365.0). If |
ncpft |
|
1 in a timestep where crop is harvested, 0 otherwise. When used with |
ncpft |
|
Indicates which condition triggered the harvest:
|
ncpft |
9.14. Trace gas concentrations and fluxes¶
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
|
Concentration of atmospheric CO2, expressed as a mass mixing ratio. |
|
|
PFT flux of O3 to stomata (nmol m-2 s-1). |
npft |
|
PFT ozone exposure factor. |
npft |
|
PFT monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
npft |
|
Gridbox mean monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
PFT isoprene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
npft |
|
Gridbox mean isoprene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
PFT methanol emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
npft |
|
Gridbox mean methanol emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
|
|
PFT monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
npft |
|
Gridbox mean monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1). |
9.15. Water resources¶
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
|
Demand for water across all water resource sectors (kg).
Only available if |
|
|
Demand for water for domestic use (kg).
Only available if |
|
|
Demand for water for environmental use (kg).
Only available if |
|
|
Demand for water for industrial use (kg).
Only available if |
|
|
Demand for water for irrigation (kg).
Only available if |
|
|
Demand for water for livestock use (kg).
Only available if |
|
|
Demand for water for transfers (kg).
Only available if |
|
|
Demand rate for water for domestic use (kg s-1).
Only available if |
|
|
Demand rate for water for industrial use (kg s-1).
Only available if |
|
|
Demand rate for water for livestock use (kg s-1).
Only available if |
|
|
Demand rate for water for transfers (kg s-1).
Only available if |
|
|
Water applied as irrigation (kg m-2 s-1).
Only available if |
9.16. Urban¶
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
|
Urban morphology: Repeating width ratio (or canyon fraction, W/R).
Calculated if |
|
|
Urban morphology: Height-to-width ratio (H/W). See for |
|
|
Urban morphology: Building height (H). See for |
9.17. IMOGEN¶
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
|
Prescribed carbon emissions in IMOGEN (Gt / year). This is a global value repeated over all land points and is only available when IMOGEN is switched on. |
|
|
Change in atmospheric CO2 concentration from land-atmosphere. CO2 feedbacks in IMOGEN (ppm / year). This is a global value repeated over all land points and is only available when IMOGEN is switched on. |
|
|
Change in atmospheric CO2 concentration from ocean-atmosphere CO2 feedbacks in IMOGEN (ppm / year). This is a global value repeated over all land points and is only available when IMOGEN is switched on. |
9.18. Grid and indexing variables¶
Name |
Description |
Dimensions |
---|---|---|
|
Gridbox surface area (m2).
Only available if |
land+sea |
|
River routing gridbox surface area (m2).
Only available if |
np_rivers |
|
Index (gridbox number) of land points. |
|
|
Index (gridbox number) of land ice points. |
|
|
Index (gridbox number) of soil points. |
|
|
Index (gridbox number) of land points with each surface type. |
ntype |