10. JULES Output variables

Variables that are available for output from JULES are listed in this section, separated according to their type.

The ‘Captured’ column indicates whether that variable is captured at the start or end of the timestep (see JULES output).

Note

All output is on the full model grid (even for variables defined on land points only).

Any points on the grid for which a variable is not defined with be filled with a missing data value.

10.1. Variables that have a single value at each gridpoint (land and sea)

Name Description
con_rain Gridbox convective rainfall (kg m-2 s-1).
con_snow Gridbox convective snowfall (kg m-2 s-1).
cosz Cosine of the zenith angle (-).
diff_frac Gridbox fraction of radiation that is diffuse (-).
ecan_gb Gridbox mean evaporation from canopy/surface store (kg m-2 s-1).
ei_gb Gridbox sublimation from lying snow or sea-ice (kg m-2 s-1).
esoil_gb Gridbox surface evapotranspiration from soil moisture store (kg m-2 s-1).
fqw_gb Gridbox moisture flux from surface (kg m-2 s-1).
ftl_gb Gridbox surface sensible heat flux (W m-2).
land_albedo_1 Gridbox albedo for waveband 1 (direct beam visible).
land_albedo_2 Gridbox albedo for waveband 2 (diffuse visible).
land_albedo_3 Gridbox albedo for waveband 3 (direct beam NIR).
land_albedo_4 Gridbox albedo for waveband 4 (diffuse NIR).
latent_heat Gridbox surface latent heat flux (W m-2).
ls_rain Gridbox large-scale rainfall (kg m-2 s-1).
ls_snow Gridbox large-scale snowfall (kg m-2 s-1).
lw_down Gridbox surface downward LW radiation (W m-2).
precip Gridbox precipitation rate (kg m-2 s-1).
pstar Gridbox surface pressure (Pa).
q1p5m_gb Gridbox specific humidity at 1.5m height (kg kg-1).
qw1 Gridbox specific humidity (total water content) (kg kg-1).
rainfall Gridbox rainfall rate (kg m-2 s-1).
snomlt_surf_htf Gridbox heat flux used for surface melting of snow (W m-2).
snowfall Gridbox snowfall rate (kg m-2 s-1).
snow_mass_gb Gridbox snowmass (kg m-2).
surf_ht_flux_gb Gridbox net downward heat flux at surface over land and sea-ice fraction of gridbox (W m-2).
sw_down Gridbox surface downward SW radiation (W m-2).
t1p5m_gb Gridbox temperature at 1.5m height (K).
taux1 Gridbox westerly component of surface wind stress (N m-2).
tauy1 Gridbox southerly component of surface wind stress (N m-2).
tl1 Gridbox ice/liquid water temperature (K).
tstar_gb Gridbox surface temperature (K).
u1 Gridbox westerly wind component (m s-1).
u10m Gridbox westerly wind component at 10 m height (m s-1).
v1 Gridbox southerly wind component (m s-1).
v10m Gridbox southerly wind component at 10m height (m s-1).
wind Gridbox wind speed (m s-1).

10.2. Variables that have a single value at each land gridpoint

Name Description
albedo_land Gridbox albedo (as used to calculate net shortwave radiation) (-).
canopy_gb Gridbox canopy water content (kg m-2).
cs_gb Gridbox total soil carbon (kg m-2).
cv Gridbox mean vegetation carbon at end of model timestep (kg m-2).
depth_frozen Gridbox depth of frozen ground at surface defined from soil temperature (m).
depth_frozen_sthf

Gridbox depth of frozen ground at surface defined from soil moisture (m).

Recommended over depth_frozen except where the soil is very dry.

depth_unfrozen Gridbox depth of unfrozen ground at surface defined from soil temperature (m).
depth_unfrozen_sthf

Gridbox depth of unfrozen ground at surface defined from soil moisture (m).

Recommended over depth_unfrozen except where the soil is very dry.

drain Gridbox drainage at bottom of soil column (kg m-2 s-1).
elake Gridbox mean evaporation from lakes (kg m-2 s-1).
emis_gb Gridbox emissivity.
et_stom_gb Gridbox approximate stomatal conductance (W m-2).
fch4_wetl

Gridbox scaled methane flux from wetland fraction using soil carbon as substrate if

l_wetland_ch4_npp=F or, NPP as substrate if l_wetland_ch4_npp=T

(10-9 kg m-2 s-1).

fch4_wetl_cs

Gridbox methane flux from wetland fraction using soil carbon as substrate

(kg m-2 s-1).

fch4_wetl_npp

Gridbox methane flux from wetland fraction using NPP as substrate

(kg m-2 s-1).

fch4_wetl_resps

Gridbox methane flux from wetland fraction using soil respiration as substrate

(kg m-2 s-1).

fsat Gridbox surface saturated fraction (-).
fsmc_gb Gridbox soil moisture availability factor (beta) (-).
fwetl Gridbox wetland fraction at end of model timestep (-).
gpp_gb Gridbox gross primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon (kg m-2 s-1).
gs Gridbox surface conductance to evaporation (m s-1).
hf_snow_melt Gridbox snowmelt heat flux (W m-2).
harvest_gb Gridbox flux of carbon to product pools due to harvest (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
harvest_n_gb Gridbox flux of nitrogen to atmosphere due to harvest (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
land_index Index (gridbox number) of land points.
lice_index Index (gridbox number) of land ice points.
lit_c_mean Gridbox mean carbon litter (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
lw_net Gridbox surface net LW radiation (W m-2).
lw_up Gridbox surface upward LW radiation (W m-2).
npp_gb Gridbox net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon (kg m-2 s-1).
n_fertiliser_gb Gridbox N addition from fertiliser (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
qbase Gridbox baseflow (lateral subsurface runoff) (kg m-2 s-1).
qbase_zw Gridbox baseflow (lateral subsurface runoff) from deep layer (kg m-2 s-1).
rad_net Surface net radiation (W m-2).
resp_p_gb Gridbox plant respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_s_gb Gridbox total soil respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_s_dr_out Gridbox mean soil respiration carbon flux for driving TRIFFID (kg m-2 (360days)-1) This is the gross soil respiration, some of this carbon flux is from one soil carbon pool to another.
runoff Gridbox runoff rate (kg m-2 s-1).
rflow Gridbox river flow rate (kg m-2 s-1).
rrun Gridbox runoff rate, following river routing (kg m-2 s-1).
sat_excess_roff Gridbox saturation excess runoff rate (kg m-2 s-1).
smc_avail_top Gridbox available moisture in surface layer of depth given by zsmc (kg m-2).
smc_avail_tot Gridbox available moisture in soil column (kg m-2).
smc_tot Gridbox total soil moisture in column (kg m-2).
snomlt_sub_htf Gridbox sub-canopy snowmelt heat flux (W m-2).
snow_can_gb Gridbox snow on canopy (kg m-2).
snow_depth_gb Gridbox depth of snow (m).
snow_frac Gridbox snow-covered fraction of land points (-).
snow_grnd_gb Gridbox average snow beneath canopy (snow_grnd) (kg m-2).
snow_ice_gb

Gridbox frozen water in snowpack (kg m-2).

Only available if nsmax > 0.

snow_liq_gb

Gridbox liquid water in snowpack (kg m-2).

Only available if nsmax > 0.

snow_melt_gb Gridbox rate of snowmelt (kg m-2 s-1).
soil_index Index (gridbox number) of soil points.
sthzw Soil wetness in the deep (water table) layer (-).
sub_surf_roff Gridbox sub-surface runoff (kg m-2 s-1).
surf_roff Gridbox surface runoff (kg m-2 s-1).
swet_liq_tot Gridbox unfrozen soil moisture as fraction of saturation (-).
swet_tot Gridbox soil moisture as fraction of saturation (-).
sw_net Gribox net shortwave radiation at the surface (W m-2).
tfall Gridbox throughfall (kg m-2 s-1).
trad Gridbox effective radiative temperature (K).
zw Gridbox mean depth to water table (m).
clay Gridbox soil clay content (g/g).
isoprene_gb Gridbox mean isoprene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
terpene_gb Gridbox mean monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
methanol_gb Gridbox mean methanol emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
acetone_gb Gridbox mean monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
frac_agr Fractional area of agricultural land in each gridbox. If l_trif_crop is TRUE, frac_agr is the fractional area of crop land in each gridbox.
frac_past Fractional area of pasture land in each gridbox.
co2_mmr Concentration of atmospheric CO2, expressed as a mass mixing ratio.
frac_agr_prev Fractional area of agricultural land at the previous timestep.
wood_prod_fast Carbon content of the fast decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2).
wood_prod_med Carbon content of the medium decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2).
wood_prod_slow Carbon content of the slow decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2).
WP_fast_in Carbon flux from vegetation to the fast decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_med_in Carbon flux from vegetation to the medium decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_slow_in Carbon flux from vegetation to the slow decay-rate wood product pool (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_fast_out Carbon flux from the fast decay-rate wood product pool to atmosphere (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_med_out Carbon flux from the medium decay-rate wood product pool to atmosphere (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
WP_slow_out Carbon flux from the slow decay-rate wood product pool to atmosphere (kg m-2 [360days]-1).
irrig_water Irrigation water demand (for l_irrig_dmd = T). (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_mcarthur McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index (No units)
fire_canadian Canadian Fire Weather Index (No units).
fire_canadian_ffmc Canadian Fire Weather Index- Fine Fuel Moisture Code (No units).
fire_canadian_dmc Canadian Fire Weather Index- Duff Moisture Code (No units).
fire_canadian_dc Canadian Fire Weather Index- Drought Code (No units).
fire_canadian_isi Canadian Fire Weather Index- Initial Spread Index (No units).
fire_canadian_bui Canadian Fire Weather Index- Build-up Index (No units).
fire_nesterov Nesterov Fire Index (No units).
cnsrv_carbon_veg2 Error in land carbon conservation in veg2 routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_carbon_triffid Error in land carbon conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_veg_triffid Error in vegetation carbon conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_soil_triffid Error in soil carbon conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
cnsrv_prod_triffid Error in wood product carbon conservation in triffid routine (kg m-2)
burnt_area_gb Gridbox mean burnt area fraction (s-1).
emitted_carbon_gb Gridbox mean emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
emitted_carbon_DPM Decomposable Plant Material emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
emitted_carbon_RPM Resistant Plant Material emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO2_gb Gridbox mean fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO2_DPM Decomposable Plant Material fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO2_RPM Resistant Plant Material fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO_gb Gridbox mean fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO_DPM Decomposable Plant Material fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO_RPM Resistant Plant Material fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CH4_gb Gridbox mean fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CH4_DPM Decomposable Plant Material fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CH4_RPM Resistant Plant Material fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_NOx_gb Gridbox mean fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_NOx_DPM Decomposable Plant Material fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_NOx_RPM Resistant Plant Material fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_SO2_gb Gridbox mean fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_SO2_DPM Decomposable Plant Material fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_SO2_RPM Resistant Plant Material fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_OC_gb Gridbox mean fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_OC_DPM Decomposable Plant Material fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_OC_RPM Resistant Plant Material fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_BC_gb Gridbox mean fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_BC_DPM Decomposable Plant Material fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_BC_RPM Resistant Plant Material fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fao_et0 FAO Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration for reference crop (kg m-2 s-1)

10.3. Variables that have a value for each PFT at each land gridpoint

Name Description
c_veg PFT total carbon content of the vegetation at end of model timestep (kg m-2).
canht PFT canopy height (m).
et_stom PFT approximate stomatal conductance (W m-2).
flux_o3_stom PFT flux of O3 to stomata (mol m-2 s-1).
fsmc PFT soil moisture availability factor (-).
g_leaf PFT leaf turnover rate ([360days]-1).
g_leaf_day PFT mean leaf turnover rate for input to PHENOL ([360days]-1).
g_leaf_dr_out PFT mean leaf turnover rate for driving TRIFFID ([360days]-1).
g_leaf_phen PFT mean leaf turnover rate over phenology period([360days]-1).
gpp PFT gross primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon (kg m-2 s-1).
lai PFT leaf area index (-).
lai_bal PFT balanced leaf area index in sf_stom (-).
lai_phen PFT leaf area index after phenology (-).
lit_c PFT carbon litter (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
lit_c_ag PFT carbon Litter from LU/Agriculture (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
lit_c_orig PFT carbon Litter including LU (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
lit_n_ag PFT nitrogen loss due to LU/Agriculture (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
lit_n_orig PFT nitrogen Litter including LU (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
root_abandon carbon flux from roots abandoned during landuse change to soil (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
root_abandon_n nitrogen flux from roots abandoned during landuse change to soil (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
harvest flux of carbon to product pools due to harvest (kg C m-2 (360days)-1).
harvest_n flux of nitrogen to atmosphere due to harvest (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
npp_dr_out PFT mean NPP of biomass expressed as carbon for driving TRIFFID (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
npp PFT net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon (kg m-2 s-1).
n_fertiliser N addition from fertiliser (kg N m-2 (360days)-1).
n_leaf PFT leaf nitrogen scaled by LAI in sf_stom (kg m-2).
n_root PFT root nitrogen scaled by LAI_BAL in sf_stom (kg m-2).
   
n_stem PFT stem nitrogen scaled by LAI in sf_stom; scaled by LAI_BAL if l_stem_resp_fix=T (kg m-2).
o3_exp_fac PFT ozone exposure factor.
pc_s PFT net C available for spreading in TRIFFID (kg m-2 (360 days)-1).
resp_p PFT plant respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_w_dr_out PFT mean wood respiration carbon flux for driving TRIFFID (kg m-2 (360days)-1).
resp_l PFT leaf respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_r PFT root respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
resp_w PFT wood respiration carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
isoprene PFT isoprene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
terpene PFT monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
methanol PFT methanol emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
acetone PFT monoterpene emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fapar PFT fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (-).
burnt_area PFT burnt area fraction (s-1).
emitted_carbon PFT emitted carbon flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO2 PFT fire CO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CO PFT fire CO emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_CH4 PFT fire CH4 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_NOx PFT fire NOx emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_SO2 PFT fire SO2 emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_OC PFT fire OC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).
fire_em_BC PFT fire BC emission flux (kg m-2 s-1).

10.4. Variables that have a value for each crop PFT at each land grid point

These variables are only available when ncpft > 0.

Name Description
cropdvi Crop PFT developmental index (DVI).
croprootc Crop PFT root carbon pool (kg m-2).
cropharvc Crop PFT carbon in harvested parts (kg m-2).
cropreservec Crop PFT carbon in stem reserve pool (kg m-2).
croplai Crop PFT leaf area index (LAI).
cropcanht Crop PFT canopy height (m).
cropyield

Crop PFT yield carbon (kg m-2).

cropyield is zero in every timestep where there is no harvest, so this variable will mostly be used with output_type set to ‘A’ or ‘X’.

harvest_counter

1 in a timestep where crop is harvested, 0 otherwise.

When used with output_type = ‘A’, will count the number of harvests since the beginning of the run.

harvest_trigger

Indicates which condition triggered the harvest:

  1. No harvest in timestep.
  2. Crop reached maturity (DVI=2).
  3. Crop leaf area index became too high (LAI>15).
  4. Crop has flowered (DVI>1) and temperature in the second soil layer dropped below t_mort_io.
  5. Crop has flowered (DVI>1), cropharvc > 0 and (croprootc + cropleafc + cropstemc + cropreservec) < initial_carbon_io.
  6. l_prescsow = T, crop has emerged (DVI>=0), and the day of year is the day before the sowing date.
cropstemc Crop PFT carbon in stem parts (kg m-2).
cropleafc Crop PFT carbon in leaf parts (kg m-2).
cropsowdate

PFT sowing date (1.0 to 365.0).

If l_prescsow = FALSE then this will always be 0.

10.5. Variables that have a value for each tile at each land gridpoint

Name Description
alb_tile_1 Tile land albedo, waveband 1 (direct beam visible).
alb_tile_2 Tile land albedo, waveband 2 (diffuse visible).
alb_tile_3 Tile land albedo, waveband 3 (direct beam NIR).
alb_tile_4 Tile land albedo, waveband 4 (diffuse NIR).
anthrop_heat Anthropogenic heat flux for each tile (W m-2).
canopy Tile surface/canopy water for snow-free land tiles (kg m-2).
catch Tile surface/canopy water capacity of snow-free land tiles (kg m-2).
ecan Tile evaporation from canopy/surface store for snow-free land tiles (kg m-2 s-1).
ei Tile sublimation from lying snow for land tiles (kg m-2 s-1).
emis Tile emissivity.
esoil Tile surface evapotranspiration from soil moisture store for snow-free land tile (kg m-2 s-1).
fqw Tile surface moisture flux for land tiles (kg m-2 s-1).
ftl Tile surface sensible heat flux for land tiles (W m-2).
gc Tile surface conductance to evaporation for land tiles(m s-1).
le Tile surface latent heat flux for land tiles (W m-2).
nsnow Tile number of snow layers (-).
q1p5m Tile specific humidity at 1.5m over land tiles (kg kg-1).
rad_net_tile Tile surface net radiation (W m-2).
rgrain Tile snow surface grain size (μm).
snow_can_melt Tile melt of snow on canopy (kg m-2 s-1).
snow_can Tile snow on canopy (kg m-2).
snow_depth Tile snow depth (m).
snow_grnd_rho Tile bulk density of snow on ground (kg m-3).
snow_grnd Tile snow on ground below canopy (kg m-2).
snow_ground Tile snow on ground (snow_tile or snow_grnd depending on configuration) (kg m-2).
snow_ice_tile

Tile total frozen mass in snow on ground (kg m-2).

Only available if nsmax > 0.

snow_liq_tile

Tile total liquid mass in snow on ground (kg m-2).

Only available if nsmax > 0.

snow_mass Tile lying snow (total) (kg m-2).
snow_melt Tile snow melt rate (melt_tile) (kg m-2 s-1).
surf_ht_flux Downward heat flux for each tile (W m-2).
surf_ht_store C*(dT/dt) for each tile (W m-2).
t1p5m Tile temperature at 1.5m over land tiles (K).
tstar Tile surface temperature (K).
z0 Tile surface roughness (m).

10.6. Variables that have a value for each surface type at each land gridpoint

Name Description
frac Fractional cover of each surface type.
tile_index Index (gridbox number) of land points with each surface type.

10.7. Variables that have a value for each soil level at each land gridpoint

Name Description
b Brooks-Corey exponent for each soil layer (-).
ext Extraction of water from each soil layer (kg m-2 s-1).
hcap Dry soil heat capacity (J K-1 m-3) for each soil layer.
hcon Dry soil thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1) for each soil layer.
satcon Saturated hydraulic conductivity (kg m-2 s-1) for each soil layer.
sathh Saturated soil water pressure (m) for each soil layer.
smcl Moisture content of each soil layer (kg m-2).
soil_wet Total moisture content of each soil layer, as fraction of saturation (-).
sthf Frozen moisture content of each soil layer as a fraction of saturation (-).
sthu Unfrozen moisture content of each soil layer as a fraction of saturation (-).
sthu_irr Unfrozen moisture content of each soil layer as a fraction of saturation in irrigated fraction (-) (only available if l_irrig_dmd = T).
t_soil Sub-surface temperature of each layer (K).
sm_crit Volumetric moisture content at critical point for each soil layer (-).
sm_sat Volumetric moisture content at saturation for each soil layer (-).
sm_wilt Volumetric moisture content at wilting point for each soil layer (-).

10.8. Variables that have a value for each bedrock layer at each land gridpoint

These variables are only available when l_bedrock = TRUE.

Name Description
tsoil_deep Temperature of each bedrock layer (K).

10.9. Variables that have a value for each soil carbon pool at each land gridpoint

If l_triffid = TRUE, there are 4 soil carbon pools as in the RothC model (decomposable plant material, resistant plant material, biomass, humus). If l_triffid = FALSE, there is a single soil carbon pool.

Name Description
cs Carbon in each soil pool (kg m-2).
resp_s Respiration rate from each soil carbon pool (kg m-2 s-1).

10.10. Variables that have a value for each snow layer on each tile at each land gridpoint

These variables are only available when nsmax > 0.

Name Description
rgrainl Grain size in snow layers for each tile (μm).
snow_ds Depth of each snow layer for each tile (m).
snow_ice Mass of ice in each snow layer for each tile (kg m-2).
snow_liq Mass of liquid water in each snow layer for each tile (kg m-2).
tsnow Temperature of each snow layer (K).